This General Report covers 21 papers that are included in Session 5 of Symposium, relating to the monitoring of ground movements caused by tunneling and deep excavations. The papers have been divided into three groups: tunneling, excavations and new monitoring menthods The group converningtunnelling is the largest and has been sub-divided into monitoring case studies involving greenfiels sites; soil-structure interaction (including three papers on the effects of tunneling on piled foundations), and tunnel linings.
Overall it is noted that, in several of the case studies, the magnitude of displacements is very small, e.g. less thatn 55mm, reflectingimproved construction practice, technology and better control. Control is frequently achieved with data from monitoring ground, construction work and structural response. As displacements are often very small, this necessitates increased resolution and accuracy of the instrumentation and surveying techniques. This is particularly the case if the results are to be meaningfully interpreted.
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